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[Definitie:] "An ergogenic aid is any substance or phenomenon that enhances performance."
(Wilmore and Costill) 
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2 2 - 0 8 - 2 0 0 5 Fabrikant verstopt androgenen in creatine
Slik je creatine? Creatinepyruvaat? In de vorm van capsules en tabletten? En heb je geen zin in vermannelijkingsverschijnselen? Of in een positieve dopingtest? Dan hebben Zwitserse biochemici slecht nieuws voor je. Een paar jaar geleden meldden onderzoekers dat tientallen procenten van de sportsupplementen verontreinigd is met hormonen. Een enkele keer genoeg om iemand acuut het ziekenhuis in te helpen. Vaker genoeg om de carrière van een sporter om zeep te helpen. En misschien nog wel vaker genoeg om op lange termijn de gezondheid van gebruikers te schaden. Zou het nog steeds zo erg zijn? Dat was wat de Zwitsers wilden weten. En het antwoord op die vraag luidt ‘ja’. De Zwitsers kochten op kosten van het Zwitserse ministerie voor sport 103 supplementen via websites en onderzochten die. In achttien gevallen was het foute boel. Namen noemen doen de onderzoekers niet. Het meest serieus was de verontreiniging in drie precursoren die dianabol bleken te bevatten. De Zwitsers waren niet verrast. Eerder hadden de onderzoekers van de groep van Hans Geyer ook al dianabol in precursoren gevonden.
Nam je de voorgeschreven 40 milligram van Prohormone 34, zoals het label je vertelde, dan kreeg je 26 milligram methandienone binnen. Nam je de voorgeschreven hoeveelheid van Prohormone 36, dan was je inname 22 milligram methandienone. Eén inname van deze ‘supplementen’ resulteerde een week later nog in een positieve dopingtest. Verder waren er nog veertien precursoren waarin ‘echte’ androgenen zaten. De onderzoekers vonden vooral testosteron. De tabel vind je hier. Bovenaan de lijst vind je tenslotte nog vier andere producten waarin de onderzoekers androgenen vonden: drie mental enhancers en een creatine. Over die vier producten winden de Zwitsers zich nog het meeste op. De concentratie19-nor-andro in het supplement (een creatinepuryvaat in tabvorm, 0.6 gram per cap) was hoog genoeg voor een positieve nandrolontest.
“It has to be pointed out that the majority of the contaminations were found in the prohormone category. The presence of substances that are not indicated by the manufacturers is naturally not allowed and a legal procedure may be carried out by the consumers. Nevertheless, people who use prohormones supplements are already exposed, in a conscious or unconscious manner, to the side effects of these substances. Thus, the presence of contaminants like androstenedione or norandrostenediol in the prohormone supplements is not so dangerous as in other supplement types. Indeed, a product such as creatine is usually taken to facilitate quick and forceful movements in providing muscle fibers with the energy needed (creatine-phosphate). Anabolic effects are not the claimed effect of the creatine supplementation. The fact that prohormones are incorporated in the composition of this product could lead to several and unintentional consequences on morphological appearance and behavior. Depending on the time period of the treatment, these psychological and physiological effects could be dangerous and irreversible for the consumer. Nowadays, in terms of doping, the contamination of dietary supplements is a real problem for athletes, sport federations and antidoping laboratories. It appears clearly, in this study, that the intake of the recommended daily dose during 3 days of creatine contaminated with norandrostenedione led to the presence of the two main metabolites of nandrolone in urine with concentrations close to the official limit of 2 ng/mL. With a longer treatment, the concentrations would certainly exceed the limit and the urine sample would be considered as positive for antidoping laboratories. As the creatine product also contained precursors of testosterone, the concentrations of the endogens steroids like androsterone or etiocholanolone were determined (data not shown). No significant change was observed for these steroids and the value of the testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio, which is commonly used for detection of doping with testosterone (Kicman et al., 1990; Catlin, 1992; Donike et al., 1993), did not vary in a significant manner. These urinary data showed that the hypothalamic– pituitary–gonadal axis is punctually not altered by the intake of contaminated dietary supplements. A prolonged intake of supplement could have more influence on these parameters. A similar experience was also done with caffeine contaminated with norandrostenedione. Four caps were orally taken (recommended dose) and urine was collected during 3 days. 19-norandrosterone and 19- noretiocholanolone were detected but the concentrations were about 1 ng/mL (data not shown). Probably a longer treatment would have produced higher 19-nortestosterone metabolite urinary concentrations that could imply a positive antidoping test.” N. Baume, N. Mahler, M. Kamber, P. Mangin, M. Saugy. Research of stimulants and anabolic steroids in dietary supplements. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005: DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00442.x. [Link] |
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