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[Definitie:] "An ergogenic aid is any substance or phenomenon that enhances performance."
(Wilmore and Costill) 
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0 8 - 0 5 - 2 0 0 5 New Russian Soccer Chief to Probe Spartak Doping Claims
03.05.2005
Newly elected Russian soccer chief Vitaly Mutko has vowed to investigate allegations of widespread doping by Spartak Moscow in 2003, Reuters reports.
Spartak captain Yegor Titov received a one-year ban by UEFA in January 2004 after testing positive for the banned stimulant bromantan following the first leg of Russia’s Euro 2004 playoff against Wales in November 2003 when he was an unused substitute. [PubMed] [PubMed] [PubMed] [PubMed] [PubMed] [PubMed] [Link]
“Doping allegations are always a serious matter and we must do a complete and thorough investigation,” a spokesman for the Russian Football Union quoted Mutko as saying on Tuesday.
Mutko, a friend and a former colleague of Russian President Vladimir Putin, was voted RFU president last month, replacing long-serving chief Vyacheslav Koloskov.
Despite allegations that doping has been rife in Russian soccer for years, the Titov case shocked many within the game.
Wales lodged appeals with UEFA and the Lausanne-based Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) to try to overturn Russia’s victory and take their place in Euro 2004. The appeals were rejected by both UEFA and the CAS. However, Russian media has now accused Spartak of systematic doping in 2003 and that the country’s soccer authorities knew about it and tried to conceal the problem.
“The players were simply used as guinea pigs,” former Spartak defender Maxim Demenko was quoted as saying by Sport-Express newspaper last Friday. “I know that sooner or later we will suffer the after-effects of all that (doping),” added another ex-Spartak player, Ukraine international Vladislav Vashchyuk.
The newspaper wrote that several Spartak players had been suddenly withdrawn from the national team on the eve of Russia’s key Euro 2004 qualifier against Ireland in September 2003. Soon afterwards, Spartak sacked their head coach Andrei Chernyshov along with team doctor Anatoly Shchyukin. Another Spartak doctor, Artyom Katulin, was banned by the RFU for two years, although his ban was later halved.
Demenko recalled: “Small white pills were given to first team players before each game.” Vashchyuk said players had taken the pills just before the match and at halftime and the doctors often used a drip to administer the banned drugs.
Both Demenko and Vashchyuk said they felt sorry for Titov. “He paid for somebody else’s mistakes,” said Demenko, who retired last year. “He was simply used as a scapegoat,” added Vashchyuk, who is now playing for Ukraine’s Chornomorets Odessa. Titov missed the Euro 2004 finals in Portugal but returned in January 2005 after serving the ban.
Russia’s most successful club Spartak, who have won nine league titles since 1992, have declined to comment on the case.
Bromontan, a new doping agent
Pascal Burnat, Alain Payen,
Catherine Le Brumant-Payen,
Michel Hugon, Franck Ceppa
SIR—During the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, USA, a doping substance little known in the West, bromontan, made its appearance. Five athletes (four Russians and one Lithuanian) who tested positive were disqualified by the International Olympic Committee. This decision was appealed to the athletics arbitration tribunal which cancelled the disqualifications.
Since then, the product has been added to the list of doping agents.
During the ski championships at Trondheim, Norway in February, 1997, a Russian athlete was disqualified because his urine tested positive.
The drug is prescribed for Russian cosmonauts as an immune stimulant. Its probable use by Russian soldiers in Afghanistan, and more recently Chechnya, is related to its psychostimulating effect.
Bromontan is 2-bromophenyl-1-amino adamantane. The drug belongs to the group of adamantanes, such as amantadine, memantine, and molecules known only in Russia (kemantane, adopronin, gludantane, midantane).
10 min after oral administration of bromontan to rats, the distribution coefficient between the brain and blood is 2·29, showing that the molecule easily passes through the blood-brain barrier.
Maximum plasma concentration is reached 1 h after ingestion, at which time the brain concentration is four times higher than in the blood. The halflife of bromontan in rats is 7 h.
After absorption of 20 mg per kg of bromontan in rats, there is a reduction of amplitude of the electroencephologram in all brain areas. Following a latency period marked by a return to normal, the effect reappears 7–8 h later.
The stimulatory effect of bromontan on motor activities in rats occurs in two phases: a peak 2 h after ingestion and a second peak, which is more intensive, appears 6–7 h after ingestion but is prolonged (>24 h). In addition to these properties, there is a protective effect in conditions of hypoxia and hyperthermia, shown in human beings at the dose of 250 mg.
A high dose in rats—100 mg per kg— causes release of dopamine from the striatum, reaching a peak 2 h after ingestion. Dopamine concentrations are 5 times higher than controls and there is a second increase 7 h after ingestion, with concentrations 2·5–3·5 times higher than normal.
This increase in dopamine release also occurs with amphetamines. Chronic administration of bromontan to rats at the dose of 5 mg per kg for 14 days leads to an increase in the concentration of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum. Bromontan causes an increase in the frontal cortex concentration of serotonin and hydroxyindoleacetic acid within the first hour, while a decrease is noted in the cerebellum on repeated use.
Bromontan leads to a considerable reduction of norepinephrine in the hippocampus after 1 h. 2 h after administration, norepinephrine increases in the frontal cortex before returning to normal around the third hour.
Bromontan’s psychostimulating effects are caused initially by the release of brain monoamines, primarily dopamine; the second phase can be explained by the blocked reuptake of neuromediators, by an increase in their biosynthesis, or both. These effects explain its use by athletes and military personnel.
Study of bromantane metabolites structure
Sizoi, V.F.; Bolotov, S.L.; Semenov, V.A.
This study represented the masking effect of bromantane in the steroid screening. Overdose of bromantane can confuse the interpretation of the analytical results. The interference is successfully eliminated by the extraction with n-pentane without the addition of potassium carbonate. Thus, the steroid profiles are unmasked.
Bromantane: Japanese experience
Ueki, M.; Ikekita, A.; Okano, M.; Hiruma, T.
Since 1994 several steroid test samples have been invalidated by the IOC laboratories in Montreal, Lausanne, Huddinge and Tokyo because of the presence of unknown undeclared agents.
The identification of this bromine containing compounds was made by Ayotte in the middle of 1996 in cooperation with the International Amateur Athletic Federation.
The compound, bromantane, is a adamantane derivative that has the parabromaniline side chain, and was developed in Russia as immuno-stimulator. In Russia it has been used as an unauthorized medicine with soldiers and athletes.
Later at the centennial Olympics in Atlanta, nine bromantane cases were found but because of legal problems the findings did not lead to disqualification. This paper refers to a positive case of bromantane.
The results demonstrate that an overdose of bromantane could manipulate the urinary steroid profiles. It is not just an interference and co-elution but a manipulation of the chromatographic behavior of the steroids. A simple extraction procedure to eliminate the influence of bromantane on the steroid profiles is described.
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