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Bloeddoping
Insiders: Bloeddoping terug van weggeweest (7-6-2003)
Primeur: Wielrenner betrapt op bloeddoping (Teletext, 21-9-2004)
Phonak to speak on Hamilton tests (AP, 21-9-2004)
Ook B-staal Hamilton positief (Planet.nl, 23-9-2004)
Cyclist after failed test: 'I'm innocent' (Free Press, 22-9-2004)
Head of Olympics doping lab defends his handling of Tyler Hamilton drug test (Canadian Press, 25-9-2004)
Hamilton battles drug test results (Taipei Times, 25-9-2004)
Pound suggests Hamilton skirted justice (Seattle Times, 1-10-2004)
0 7 - 0 6 - 2 0 0 3 Insiders: Bloeddoping terug van weggeweest
Nu de pakkans bij het gebruik van EPO stijgt, grijpen steeds meer duursporters naar bloeddoping. Dat blijkt uit een documentaire van de BBC. Het gaat om een gevaarlijker vorm dan de bloeddoping uit de zestiger jaren.
De Engelse omroep sprak met Jim Carrabre, arts bij de International Biathlon Union. Hij constateert bloeddoping vooral bij wintersporters. ,,Bijna de helft van de atleten die ik zag tijdens de winterspelen van Salt Lake City in 2002 had gaatjes in de armen'', zegt hij. ,,Dat vond ik verdacht.''
Toen de arts de gaten onderzocht, bleek dat ze niet het gevolg waren van onderzoek door dopingjagers. ,,Daar waren ze te groot voor. Deze sporters hadden iets in hun lichaam gebracht met een infuus. Waarschijnlijk had veertig procent van de sporters die ik zag een zoutoplossing of bloed in hun systeem gepompt.''
In de jaren zestig bestond bloeddoping al. Toen ging het nog om bloed van de atleten zelf, dat eerder was afgenomen en soigneurs vlak voor de wedstrijd weer in hun lichaam brachten. De opslag, het invriezen en het transport van bloed vraagt echter apparatuur die je met de huidige veiligheidsmaatregelen - zeker na de aanslagen van Bin Laden - moeilijk meer via het vliegtuig kunt vervoeren.
,,In Salt Lake City gingen er veel geruchten over het gebruik van levende donoren'', zegt Carrabre. ,,Ze werden speciaal ingevlogen om hun bloed in het lichaam van de sporters te laten lopen. Je brengt makkelijker een toerist het land in dan een partij bevroren bloed.''
Ook Bengt Saltin, dopingexpert en arts van de International Ski Federation, gelooft dat bloeddoping terug is. ,,Er is een team, waarvan ik vrijwel zeker weet dat leden met de juiste bloedgroep bloed afstaan aan het lid wat op dat moment het beste presteert'', zegt hij.
Bloeddoping is verboden, maar tests zijn er nog niet. Dat gaat veranderen. Een groep Australische onderzoekers, verbonden aan het Royal Prince Albert Hospital in Sydney, heeft met geld van de Wada een test ontworpen die bloeddoping aantoont. Binnenkort plaatst het tijdschrift Haematologica [Link] een artikel over de methode.
De test maakt gebruik van het gegeven dat de perfecte match voor bloedgroepen bijna niet bestaat. Bloedcellen van iemand anders zijn nooit helemaal identiek aan die van jou. De test kleurt vreemde cellen groen, en maakt ze zichtbaar onder de microscoop. De test is zo gevoelig dat sporters al door de mand vallen als ze een theelepel vreemd bloed in hun systeem hebben. Aldus de dopingjagers.
Matt McGrath. Sport's new doping threat. BBC Sport, 6-6-2003. [Link]
Phonak to speak on Hamilton tests
AP MADRID, Spain -- The Phonak cycling team has announced a press conference to comment on reports that Olympic time-trial champion Tyler Hamilton has failed tests designed to detect banned blood transfusions.
Phonak spokesman Georges Luedinger told Associated Press that cycling's governing body, UCI, had sent a statement to the team referring to tests carried out at the Athens Olympics on August 19 and at this month's Tour of Spain. Luedinger said it was alleged that these so-called 'A' tests showed "presence of a mixed red blood cell population, indication of a homologous blood transfusion." A 'B' test, designed to confirm the preliminary results, was planned for Tuesday, Luedinger said. The press conference was planned for Zurich at 1600 GMT. Luedinger said that Hamilton denied undergoing a transfusion -- a way of boosting an athlete's performance by increasing their red blood cell count. "Tyler told us he did nothing," Luedinger said. Phonak team director Alvaro Pino told Radio Marca in Spain: "I received the news yesterday evening and I can't say more except to tell you that I spoke with the rider and, knowing him as I do, I'm relatively calm. "He told me: 'Be calm, because this will work out in my favour and I'm telling you that sincerely, because there's absolutely nothing in this'." Hamilton injured his back in a crash which led to his retirement during the 13th stage of the Tour de France in July but bounced back to win the time-trial in Athens. He won stage eight of the Spanish event, a 40.1km time trial, on September 11, but retired from the race six days later, citing stomach problems. He broke his collarbone on the first stage of the 2003 Tour de France but raced on for three weeks and finished fourth. Hamilton rode with Lance Armstrong's U.S. Postal Service team for six years, leaving in 2001 to become the leader of Team CSC, a Danish club that won the team competition at last year's Tour de France. He joined the Swiss-based Phonak team last year. Ook B-staal Hamilton positief
Planet.nl Tyler Hamilton is ook na de contra-expertise positief bevonden. De Amerikaan werd in de Vuelta betrapt op het gebruik van bloeddoping. In de A-staal werden verschillen in de populaties van de rode bloedcellen aangetroffen, wat zou duiden op een transfusie met donorbloed. Het B-monster leverde hetzelfde resultaat op. Hamilton is de eerste renner die betrapt is op bloeddoping. Tijdens de Olympische Spelen leverde de Amerikaan ook een positief bloedmonster in. De B-staal van het monster dat in Athene werd afgenomen, was echter negatief. Dit houdt in dat Hamilton zijn olympische titel tijdrijden gewoon mag behouden. Hamilton zou volgens de UCI ook in mei van dit jaar een positief plasje hebben ingeleverd. Phonak heeft zijn kopman voorlopig op non-actief gesteld. "Als hij niet in staat is om zijn onschuld te bewijzen, dan verliest hij met onmiddellijke ingang zijn contract", aldus de ploegleiding. Hamilton zegt voor honderd procent onschuldig te zijn. "Ik ben er kapot van", zei Hamilton dinsdag op een persconferentie. "Ik word beschuldigd van bloed te hebben genomen van een ander. Iedereen die me kent, weet dat dit compleet onmogelijk is." De wielerploeg wil een wetenschappelijke adviesraad de betrouwbaarheid van de testmethode laten onderzoeken. Controle op bloeddoping via transfusie is pas sinds dit jaar mogelijk. De gebruikte Australische methode zou omstreden zijn. Na Hamilton zou er tijdens de Vuelta nog een rijder van Phonak betrapt zijn op dopinggebruik. Volgens de geruchten gaat het om een van de vijf Spanjaarden van de Zwitserse wielerformatie. Cyclist after failed test: 'I'm innocent'
September 22, 2004 REGENSDORF, Switzerland -- Olympic cycling champion Tyler Hamilton declared his innocence Tuesday while awaiting results of backup tests for possible blood doping that could cost him the gold medal. "I have always been an honest person. I am devastated to be here tonight. My family is devastated. My team is devastated. My friends are devastated," Hamilton said, adding that he would "fight this until I don't have a euro left in my pocket." Tests at the Athens Olympics on Aug. 19 and at the Spanish Vuelta on Sept. 11 showed evidence of blood from another person, cycling's governing body said, according to a spokesman for Hamilton's team, Phonak. Follow-up tests were started Tuesday and will be finished today, although it isn't clear when the results will be announced, Hamilton said. Hamilton denied ever receiving a transfusion -- which can boost an athlete's performance by increasing the number of oxygen-transporting red blood cells in his system. He said he would be afraid of contracting AIDS from a blood transfusion. "I am 100 percent innocent," Hamilton said. "I worked hard for that gold medal, and it isn't going anywhere." If found guilty of a violation at the Olympics, Hamilton would lose his gold. Three athletes had gold medals revoked for doping during the Aug. 13-29 Olympics; a record 24 athletes -- none American -- from various sports were cited for drug-test violations at the Athens Olympics. Hamilton already was considered one of the world's top cyclists before winning the time-trial race in Athens. He finished fourth in the 2003 Tour de France despite riding most of the way with a broken collarbone; he pulled out midway through the 2004 Tour because of a back injury. Cycling's governing body, UCI, used a new blood-screening machine in the tests that detects blood transfusions, human growth hormone and synthetic hemoglobin. Until now, there has been no foolproof test for detecting blood transfusions. If Hamilton is disqualified, the gold medal would go to Russia's Viatcheslav Ekimov, with American Bobby Julich moving up to silver and Australia's Michael Rogers to the bronze. "The last four days have been horrible for me," Hamilton said. "The four worst days of my life." Head of Olympics doping lab defends his handling of Tyler Hamilton drug test
Stephen Wilson LONDON - The head of the Olympic doping lab in Athens defended its handling of American Tyler Hamilton's drug test and denied that a human error was to blame for the deterioration of his blood specimen. "We followed exactly our procedures," lab director Costas Georgakopoulos said Friday. "We worked according to our specifications and our plans. "There was absolutely no human error. There was absolutely no problem in the workload of the lab." The International Olympic Committee dropped its investigation Thursday into a test that indicated Hamilton - gold medallist in the cycling time-trial race - used a blood transfusion to boost his endurance. While Hamilton's initial blood sample tested positive, the backup specimen - or B sample - couldn't be analysed because there weren't enough red blood cells left, the IOC said. Hamilton will keep his gold medal because an athlete is considered guilty of doping only when both samples come back positive. IOC medical commission chairman Arne Ljungqvist said the lab erred by freezing Hamilton's second sample instead of refrigerating it. As a result, the blood cells disintegrated. Ljungqvist called it a case of "human error" and attributed the mistake in part to the drug lab's "heavy workload" during the Aug. 13-29 Games. Georgakopoulos said the lab did nothing wrong, and staff followed guidelines agreed on with the IOC, the World Anti-Doping Agency and the Athens organizing committee. He said the lab had prepared months in advance for new tests that were introduced in Athens for blood doping and human growth hormone. "According to our plans, as agreed with the IOC and WADA, we had to put the blood in the freezer," he said. "This is crystal clear. We are obliged to follow the guidelines. "Even today, we would repeat exactly the same action." Ljungqvist said Friday he didn't mean to single out anyone for blame and suggested the error may have been due to "a miscommunication." "It's obvious to everyone that this sample should not have been frozen," he said. "It's correct to talk about a human error somewhere. "It remains to be investigated and clarified where this human error has taken place." But Ljungqvist insisted the lab chief "should have taken the necessary action to protect the sample and not destroy it." He said WADA, which had independent observers monitoring the drug-testing system in Athens, would shed light on the case in a report expected to be completed in coming weeks. WADA chief Dick Pound, a Montreal lawyer, said, "I don't know where there's fault yet," but questioned why the IOC didn't respond more quickly when Hamilton's first sample was reported as suspicious. Pound suggested that, in future, doping labs should keep two B samples of blood specimens. That would allow them to be frozen or refrigerated depending on the type of follow-up testing required. While Hamilton's gold medal is safe, the 33-year-old rider still faces a possible two-year ban over a separate positive test. Both blood samples he provided at the Spanish Vuelta on Sept. 11 came back positive, according to his Swiss team Phonak. The tests allegedly showed evidence of a transfusion with blood from another person. Blood transfusions can boost endurance by pumping oxygen-rich red blood cells to the muscles. The U.S. Anti-Doping Agency and International Cycling Union will decide whether to take action against Hamilton for the positive tests in Spain. Hamilton, a former teammate of Lance Armstrong, has insisted he is "100 per cent innocent" and will clear his name. Hamilton battles drug test results
The American's first sample tested positive in Athens for evidence of blood from another person. But a second sample then resulted in a negative test.
AP, GENEVAAP, AVILA, SPAINAP, PECCIOLI, ITALY Two separate blood samples provided by Olympic gold medalist Tyler Hamilton have come back with different results -- one positive and the other negative -- his Swiss-based team said Thursday. The Phonak team also repeated doubts over the validity of the testing method, claiming the American could be a victim of fuzzy science. One of Hamilton's `B' samples confirms the finding of the `A' sample tested at the Spanish Vuelta on Sept. 11, which showed evidence of blood from another person, said Phonak in a statement. But Hamilton's `B' sample from the Athens Olympics -- where he won the time trial gold -- was clean, Phonak said on its Web site. The American's original sample tested positive in Athens on Aug. 19 for evidence of blood from another person. The findings only emerged this week, raising fears that Hamilton could lose his medal. Hamilton, 33, said Tuesday he was 100 percent innocent and denied ever receiving a transfusion -- which can boost an athlete's performance by increasing the amount of oxygen-transporting red blood cells in his system. He repeated the denials Thursday. If Hamilton is ultimately found guilty, it would be the first case related to a blood transfusion. Phonak has threatened to fire Hamilton if he can't prove his innocence, and on Wednesday said it suspended him from racing. However, he remains part of the team, Phonak said Thursday. In another statement posted on Phonak's Web site, Hamilton said: "I am still a member of the Phonak Cycling Team and will continue to participate in the day-to-day decisions concerning our team." Cycling's governing body, UCI, had informed cyclists at the start of the season that it planned to start using a new blood-screening machine in the tests that detects blood transfusions, human growth hormone and synthetic hemoglobin. Until now, there has been no foolproof test for detecting blood transfusions. Phonak said it plans to gather a scientific team to investigate the accuracy of the new blood tests. "Since the new method is an effort based on probability and interpretation measurements, uncertainties will remain in this examination and procedure in any case," Phonak said. Pound suggests Hamilton skirted justice
Seattle Times Tyler Hamilton's title from the Athens Games is "no longer a gold medal in the eyes of the world" because of the cyclist's failed drug test, the head of the World Anti-Doping Agency said. WADA chief Dick Pound suggested Hamilton got away with cheating in Athens, where a preliminary test indicated he had received an endurance-boosting blood transfusion. The IOC dropped its probe because Hamilton's backup specimen mistakenly was frozen and there weren't enough red-blood cells left to analyze. That meant Hamilton was able to keep his gold medal. But Hamilton still faces a possible two-year ban over a separate positive blood test at the Spanish Vuelta two weeks after the Olympics. Hamilton's Phonak team said both blood samples he provided there came back positive. The American insists he is innocent and has vowed to clear his name. "It appears a cyclist might have escaped this net because of human error," Pound said, without identifying Hamilton by name. "But I can assure you it's no longer a gold medal in the eyes of the world. "If nothing else, we got him on the second bounce." |
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[Definitie:] "An ergogenic aid is any substance or phenomenon that enhances performance."
(Wilmore and Costill) 
