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[Definitie:] "An ergogenic aid is any substance or phenomenon that enhances performance."
(Wilmore and Costill) 
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0 6 - 1 1 - 2 0 0 6 Links Between Gun Crimes and Steroids
Sveriges Radio International Swedish researchers have found a clear link between abuse of anabolic steroids and crimes with weapons. The study, by forensic scientists in Uppsala, covered all the steroid tests in Sweden during the period between 1995 and 2001, and compared the 241 positive results with police records. They found that steroids are very popular among active criminals. Murder victims who have died in gang conflicts almost always tested positive for steroids, and all of those who were killed by guns had steroids in their bodies. According to one of the researchers, “It seems that professional criminals use steroids strategically, to reduce their fear and compassion.” [Meer: Typen anabolenmisdadigers] They stress, however, that not all steroid abuse leads to criminality, rather that a core of hardened criminals seem to abuse steroids twice as much as the average person. 0 7 - 1 1 - 2 0 0 6 Swedish study links steroid use to crimes, fraud
By Will Dunham WASHINGTON - Using anabolic steroids is linked to antisocial behavior such as illegal weapon possession and fraud, according a Swedish study published on Monday. But the researchers said they were somewhat surprised to find that steroid users were no more likely than nonusers to commit violent crimes such as murder and assault. Sexual offenses such as rape and property crimes also were not linked to steroid use, they found. The researchers examined the relationship between steroids -- already associated with increased aggressiveness and impulsive violent outbursts sometimes dubbed "roid rage" -- and criminal behavior. They looked at people using steroids without a doctor's prescription. "Our findings indicate that the use of (anabolic steroids) is associated not only with impulsive antisocial behavior but also with an antisocial lifestyle involving various types of criminality," some requiring advance planning, the researchers led by Dr. Fia Klotz of Uppsala University in Sweden wrote. The study appears in the journal Archives of General Psychiatry. [Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:1274-1279.] Among 241 Swedes who came up positive for steroid use out of a sample of 1,440 tested for the drugs from 1995 and 2001 at a laboratory in Huddinge, Sweden, the study found a strong connection to some criminal acts but not others. The steroid users were roughly twice as likely to have been found guilty of a weapons crime and 1-1/2 times as likely to have been found guilty of fraud. The people in the Swedish study, whose average age was 20, were referred to the laboratory for drug testing by police, customs agents, substance abuse clinics and psychiatric facilities. Only three of the 214 steroid users were women. This investigation instead reveals that steroid use may be linked with premeditated crimes—those involving preparation and advance planning. One explanation the researchers suggest for the findings is that criminals involved in serious crimes such as armed robbery or the collection of crime-related debts might benefit from the muscularity, heavy build and increase in aggression that comes with steroid use. When the researchers excluded steroid users who had been referred for testing by a substance abuse clinic, the statistical link between steroids and fraud disappeared. The researchers wrote that this suggested steroids combined with other drugs might make a person more prone to commit fraud. |
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